John Donnes Poetry Essays - John Donne, Donne, Wit,

John Donne's Poetry John Donnes Poetry Style The poetry of John Donne expresses his personal spiritual beliefs. There exists a struggle in his writing with the church and his search spirituality. Donne uses the physical joining of a man and a woman to represent joining with God. Many of his poems describe the process of two people becoming one and ends in an even stronger desire for two to join into one. Even though there may not be any sexual activity occurring with in the body of the poem. This mirrors the churches and also mirrors the divide Donne feels between himself and God. Donne is torn between two faiths and cannot decide which one is the true faith. Donne has to the belief that perhaps it is not the churches but a soul's own desires to find the true faith. Death is another subject that Donne brings up. Donne chooses to use things he understands as metaphors for his own enlightenment. He compares ecstasy of sex with that of the sprit. Donne doesnt necessarily use the pleasure of being with a woman to how he would feel if joined with God, but instead he uses as a way to God. If sex is an ecstasy and mortal act that it is so great then spiritual ecstasy may feel even greater. This metaphor is important because Donne can easily relate. Donne's outlook of death as only a moment is another example. Death to John Donne may actually be the point where the journey for spiritual enlightenment ends. Poetry Essays

#Is Class Canceled Professor Ramos Blog

#Is Class Canceled

Invention of Polystyrene and Styrofoam

Invention of Polystyrene and Styrofoam Polystyrene is a strong plastic created from erethylene and benzine. It can be injected, extruded or blow molded. This makes it a very useful and versatile manufacturing material.   Most of us recognize polystyrene in the form of styrofoam used for beverage cups and packaging peanuts. However, polystyrene is also used as a building material, with electrical appliances (light switches and plates) and in other household items. Eduard Simon Hermann Staudinger Polymer Research Keystone/Stringer/Getty Images German apothecary Eduard Simon discovered polystyrene in 1839 when he isolated the substance from natural resin. However, he did not know what he had discovered.  It took another organic chemist named Hermann Staudinger to realize that Simons discovery, comprised of long chains of styrene molecules, was a plastic polymer. In 1922, Staudinger published his theories on polymers. They stated that natural rubbers were made up of long repetitive chains of monomers that gave rubber its elasticity. He went on to write that the materials manufactured by the thermal processing of styrene were similar to rubber. They were the high polymers, including polystyrene. In 1953, Staudinger won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research. BASF Commercial Use of Polystyrene Badische Anilin Soda-Fabrik or BASF was founded in 1861. BASF has a long history of being innovative due to having invented synthetic coal tar dyes, ammonia, nitrogenous fertilizers as well as developing polystyrene, PVC, magnetic tape and synthetic rubber. In 1930, the scientists at BASF developed a way to commercially manufacture polystyrene. A company called I.G. Farben is often listed as the developer of polystyrene because BASF was under trust to I G. Farben in 1930. In 1937, the Dow Chemical company introduced polystyrene products to the U.S. market. What we commonly call styrofoam, is actually the most recognizable form of foam polystyrene packaging. Styrofoam is the trademark of the Dow Chemical Company while the technical name of the product is foamed polystyrene. Ray McIntire - Styrofoam Inventor Dow Chemical Company scientist  Ray McIntire invented foamed polystyrene aka Styrofoam. McIntire said his invention of foamed polystyrene was purely accidental. His invention came about as he was trying to find a flexible electrical insulator around the time of World War II. Polystyrene, which already had been invented, was a good insulator but too brittle. McIntire tried to make a new rubber-like polymer by combining styrene with a volatile liquid called isobutylene  under pressure. The result was a foam polystyrene with bubble and was 30 times lighter than regular polystyrene. The Dow Chemical Company introduced Styrofoam products to the United State in 1954. How Are Foamed Polystyrene or Styrofoam Products Made? Foamed polystyrene starts as small spherical beads that contain an expanding agent called hydrocarbon.The polystyrene beads are heated with steam. As the expanding agent boils, the beads soften and expand up to forty times their original size.The expanded beads are left to cool down before being heated again. However, this time the beads are expanded within a mold.The molds are designed in a variety of  shapes  depending on the desired end product.  Examples are things such as styrofoam  cups, cartons, wig stands and more.The beads completely fill the mold and also fuse together.Styrofoam is about 98% percent air.

How Companies Use Their Structure, Culture and Team Resources to Essay

How Companies Use Their Structure, Culture and Team Resources to Develop Competitive Advantage - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the culture of the organization should be designed in such a manner that supports continuous improvement, seeks to improve their employee’s style of job performance and in the long run developing quality awareness. Culture is one of the most important building blocks of an organization and for this reason, it is imperative that the organization work very hard to uphold it. Various studies indicate that most of the successful companies have strong cultures embedded in them. However, for them to be this successful, a number of conditions have to be affected. The effect of organizational culture relies partly on how strong the organization is and can be measured by how extensively and profoundly employees hold the company’s governing values and assumptions. In organizations with strong cultures, these values are institutionalized through well-established artifact and this renders them very difficult to alt er. Some of these cultures may be traced to the foundation of the company through its founding father’s values and assumptions. Organizations that seek to obtain the commitment of their employees require them to identify with the values, beliefs, attitudes, norms, and artifact of the organization, hence the need for organizational culture. There are seven elements in the cultural web that are interlinked while the commonly held beliefs, attitudes, and values are also known as ‘the paradigm’ are at the center. The seven elements include routine, symbols, power structures, rituals, stories, control systems, and organizational structure. Titiev asserts that learning and sharing culture is central to culture definition. The culture of an organization can be defined as: â€Å"A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and the refore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.

Holocaust Museum in Washington DC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holocaust Museum in Washington DC - Essay Example School children and heads of state are among those coming to learn about the ravages of a global war with the official website attracting on the average around 25 million hits in 5 years. My reason to visit was due to my interest in history and the curiosity to see for myself what was capturing the interest of people around the world. The museum has over 12,750 preserved artifacts as well as 49 million pages of text and 80,000 photographs. Names of 200,000 survivors are also recorded here as well as taped interviews of some of them. Visiting the museum is the perfect opportunity for any history fan to get to see the way of life from those times. I had already done a bit of browsing on USHMM’s official website and wanted to see the place in flesh and blood, or bricks and mortar, in this case. Despite being familiar with the place’s background and what it stood for, I was not quite prepared for the melancholy and eerie air that permeated the building. The structure seems to resonate with the presence of human souls, a rather accurate term since the USHMM was designed by Holocaust survivor James Ingo Freed to be a resonator of memory, as my guide informed me. The most startling feature of the museum is the octagonal Hall of Remembrance, a huge, silent space to memorialize the 6 million victims and survivors of the Holocaust. Visitors can light candles or visit an eternal flame in silence homage to the departed souls. In the Hall of Remembrance, even the air feels heavy with the weight of history. Before you actually come to visit the place, the reality of the Holocaust and the fact that these people actually lived, laughed, cried and loved does not actually sink in. Sitting in contemplation in the Hall of Remembrance, you are made aware of the fact that every single name on display was a living, breathing human being, with dreams, hopes, and aspirations. The USHMM was built not just as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It was also construct ed to familiarize newer generations with the horror and futility of war. It was meant to pass on the message that hatred should not be allowed to prosper. And I must confess it did have this effect on me. A visit to USHMM is not just about learning about this calamity. The place helps one connect with their innermost feelings of compassion, sympathy, and empathy.

How did the foreign media negatively and positively affect the events Essay Example for Free

How did the foreign media negatively and positively affect the events Essay Tiananmen Square in 1989 refers to the pro-democracy protests that took place against the communist regime in the People’s Republic of China between May and June 1989 (Gilboa 200). As has been the practice, flow of information in China is always limited. That is why the foreign media played a very significant role in Tiananmen Square; in fact up to today, the incident is referred to as the Tiananmen Square Massacre in most of the outside world while it is simply referred to as the June Fourth Incident (Gilboa 200). Foreign media therefore played a big role in bringing the event out to the world; and this had many positive as well as negative impacts on the outcome of Tiananmen Square. There have been a lot of controversies surrounding Tiananmen Square. Even up to today, the number of people who died in the riots is still established. The impact of the media started being felt early on in April when after the death of reformist leader, Former Chinese Communist Party chief Hu Yaobang, University students from Beijing started putting up posters in his praise while advocating for freedom, democracy and the rule of law (Gilboa 200). The Chinese communist regime was largely anti-reformist, and this political activism was not to be received in kind. Having strict media and information censorship policies, this event would not have captured the audience it did, thanks to foreign media (BBC, 2010). Foreign media thus fuelled the intensity of the riots and the resolution of the demonstrators. If it was not for the foreign media, the events that transpired during the Tiananmen Square riots would not have been known outside the borders of communist China (Fenby 2008). But reporters from foreign media houses transmitted news feeds live from the scene and brought the cause of the demonstrators to the whole world. People, governments and human rights activists where then able to know how the situation was in China, and there was increased pressure on the communist regime ruling in China to grant its subjects the basic rights and freedoms (Gilboa 200). The brute force with which the government descended on the demonstrators even made the then president of the United States, George Bush, to halt any further trade in arms between the U.  S and the People’s Republic of China. Foreign media, being largely biased towards democracy and other western ideals, amplified the events occurring at Tiananmen Square and therefore gave the movements a lot of momentum (BBC 2010). Even when the government intervened with a brute force whose actual destruction of life is still not clearly established, the student protestors stayed put, buoyed by the support of the foreign media. It can thus be said that foreign media played a role in the total number of fatalities that actually occurred as a result of the Tiananmen Square Riots of 1989 (Fenby, 2008). Through deliberate exaggeration, the foreign media reports working on the Tiananmen Square story fueled international tensions further. Many western nations including the United States and most of the countries in Western and Eastern Europe condemned how the Chinese government was approaching the Tiananmen Square riots and questioned its human rights records (Richelson, Evans 1999). Many other nations in North America, Latin America and Oceania also condemned the Chinese communist regime. India, which had been on a collision course with the people’s republic of China, advised her local media houses to censor the content streaming in from Beijing to prevent a possible escalation of tensions between the two countries (Gilboa 200). In fact, media exaggeration in some way altered the international political landscape. Citizens in communist countries became wary of what the communist juggernaut would do to them. Elections were due to be held on the 4th of June in Poland, where the Polish Communist Party was in rule. This was just hours after the Tiananmen Square massacre but the polish public voted overwhelmingly in favor of leftist politicians, starting a process that would eventually remove the Polish Communist Party from power a year later. The United Nations and other human rights watchdogs had their attention attracted by foreign media coverage of what was actually happening in Tiananmen Square (Gilboa 200). The then Secretary General of the United Nations, Javier Perez de Cuellar, called on the Chinese government to practice maximum restraint while handling the rioters and hunger strikers on Tiananmen Square while the European Economic Community cancelled all high profile dealings with the Chinese in protest of the violation of human rights that was being orchestrated by the Chinese government on her citizens (Richelson, Evans 1999). In conclusion, the effect of foreign media in covering the events of Tiananmen Square in 1989 had more positive effects that negative effects. The plight of the Chinese people was brought to the fore leading to increased concern and measures to force the Chinese government to respect rights and freedoms that are internationally recognized as being universal and unalienable to every person. However, much of the information broadcast by several media houses was inaccurate and this led to misunderstandings and tensions between the Chinese government and several other authorities.

The Divine Comedy - Heaven or Hell? :: Divine Comedy Inferno Essays

The Divine Comedy - Heaven or Hell?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The character of Dante in The Divine Comedy who descended into the inferno caused me to stop and think about this awful place.   As the reader I got to take an imaginary journey with Dante to a horrible place where I do not care about going.   While Dante descended into hell I plan on ascending into heaven someday.   Dante had a choice to make whether or not to get back on the right path.   It came down to heaven or hell - choose.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think it was willed for Dante to see this place while he was still living.   By seeing hell while he was alive Dante could be sure and make the right choices to find his way back to the straight path.   Being on the right path in his lifetime would ensure he would not spend eternity in such a miserable place.   I believe the whole purpose of this journey into hell was to let Dante see the anguish there and choose.   Perhaps this was a divine warning. In Canto 2, Beatrice, the symbol of Divine Love, an angelic spirit was sent to help aid Dante   from his error and help him return back.   This is purely love and compassion at its best.   Sending someone into hell to rescue another person out of there. Great lengths were taken to help Dante return back to the straight way.   I do not believe such action was taken if Dante was to end up in hell all along.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For some reason midway in Dante's life's journey he had gone astray and at this point was searching for answers.   I guess hell was as good a place to start the search as any place.   Ã‚  Something for sure had led him astray and Dante was going to find out what it was.   Strange as it may seem Dante did find the answers he was looking for in hell.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dante had entered into an awful place full of darkness and evil.   Dante did not realize to return back would not be easy, the Leopard stood blocking him every turn to keep him from getting back.   As a Christian I could relate to this.

Native American View of the European Essay

Native American view of the European The Native American’s culture was extremely different from the culture of the Europeans. Both had different traditions and way of life, everything from the clothing they wore, the food that they ate and the different gods that they worship. All was an influence from how they have adapted to their environment and to the other people around them. The very foundation of both cultures was so distinctive that war and chaos was sure to come. Throughout history war and conflict had been started over things such as skin color, religion and way of living, all because both side had a different culture or beliefs. That the difference in the culture was what started the demise of the Native American. The culture of the Native American was inferior to the Europeans, in that they didn’t have the knowledge in science and the advance in weaponry that gave the European an advantage over them. â€Å"The white men despise and cheat the Indians† (Tecumseh 557). That they kept taking advantage of the Indians kindness and took more and more of the Indians’ lands until they had taken over the whole country. Forcing the Indians onto reservation and limited their movement to that amount of space. This later cause some of the settlers to have fear the Indians as they saw them moving about following the buffalo and other herds of animals they use as their food supply. They view the Indians as a threat and try to keep them under control by forcing them into further west toward the Great Plains where they were not use to the terrain and the surrounding. Everything the Native American did was from what they had known from their way of life. The European had wars with other countries for territory and power. That all over Europe countries were finding and grabbing colonies to find gold and gain more power over the surrounding countries. There was no different with the land that the Native American had. While the Native American only fought wars if they had a conflict that could not be resolve any other way. That the Native American â€Å"cultivates peace at home, and promotes†¦ happiness† (Ganter). The Native American had no knowledge of the world beyond their borders. That seeing the white men causes them to be in awe for they had never seen anyone beside other tribes. Both sides had their own was of  interacting with the other. The first contact they had with each other later affect how their relationship was going to be. The Native America chose to â€Å"shared freely with [the European] whatever the Great Sprit had given† (Tecumseh 556) them. That the â€Å"different complexions and different customs† (Red Jacket 554) meant nothing as they saw other men in need of aid and guidance of how to survive in such a place. The European â€Å"were ready to perish in the wilderness† (Bradford 53) if the Native American have not come to their aid. That the European had accepted the aid and then turn on the generous people that had helped them in a world completely new to them. That later the European became a â€Å"poisonous snake†¦and they sting their benefactor to death† (Tecumseh 556). That the European took advantage over the kind Native American that had greeted them with welcome and had help them in their first year in the wilderness. A major factor in the destruction of the Native Americans was their different belief and way of worship. The European looks down on the Native American polytheist religion. Also the way they worship by dancing and doing their powaws. The Native American were being force to convert to Christianity by the Europeans. The Native Americans question the European way of thinking. The European has escape from their native country to â€Å"enjoy their religion† (Red Jacket 554) and have religious freedom. Then why are you trying to force the Native Americans to covert? Are you not acting like those who have oppressed your back in your native land? The Europeans idea of religion was skewed and imperfect in the eyes of the Native Americans. That there was â€Å"one religion, why do you white people differ so much† (Red Jacket 554). The variation in the religion of the European was odd and inconsistent. There was dispute amount them in which of their beliefs was better, even if the different was over a small detail. That all the Native Americans â€Å"never quarrel about religion† (Red Jacket 554) and have live in perfect harmony. That the great being above have given each of his children a â€Å"different religion according to [their] understanding† (Red Jacket 555). The Native American is happy as they are and tells the Europeans that they have their religious freedom and should be happy with what they have. Not all Native Americans view the European in the same way. That most view them as â€Å"poisonous snake† (Tecumseh 556) that would attack the person closest to them. Tecumseh wanted all the Native Americans to rally together and fight all the Europeans to get back  what is rightful their. He wanted to defeat all the European before they all fall, like their ancestor did. They must take action before it is too late to do anything that will ensure their survival. That the difference in the two cultures may have led to some problems that almost lead to the complete destruction of the Native Americans. There is no way this situation could have been avoided unless the Native Americans refuse to help the Europeans their first few months in the New World. Works Cited Bart. Sir Francis B. Head. Descriptive Essays. London. John Murray. 1857. http://books.google.com/books?id=eVUCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=%22the+great+spirit+made+us+all%22+essay&source=web&ots=7Iwnyz0lfS&sig=i80mQboa-UlQwrETqir4MF4zUGI#PPA352,M1 Bradford, William. â€Å"Of Plymouth Plantation.† The American Tradition in Literature. Perkins, George. Boston. McGraw Hill. 2007. 50-64 Edmunds, R. David. â€Å"Tecumseh, The Shawnee Prophet, and American History: A Reassessment.† Western Historical Quarterly 14.3 (July 1983): 261-276 Ganter, Granville. â€Å"Battles of Rhetoric: Oratory and Identity in Cooper’s Last of the Mohicans.† Aug 1997. James Fenimore Cooper Society Website. 9 Oct 2007. http://external.oneonta.edu/cooper/articles/ala/1997ala-ganter.html Red Jacket. â€Å"The Great Spirit Has Made Us All.† The American Tradition in Literature. Perkins, George. Boston. McGraw Hill. 2007. 553-554 Tecumseh. â€Å"The White Men Are Not Friends to the Indians.† The American Tradition in Literature. Perkins, George. Boston. McGraw Hill. 2007. 556-557 Unknown. Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership. Boston: Little Brown, 1984

Obesity †Nutrition Essay

Fast food is something that every American knows about. Most likely you, the person reading this has had fast food before, and probably enjoyed it. Whether it may be Mcdonalds, Burger King, Taco Bell, Jack in the Box, KFC, etc. There is nothing as cheap, quick to get, and tasty as fast food. With the ever-growing population of obese Americans, people are looking for a reason and for most that reason is fast food. Now according to the CDC (centers for disease control) the definition of overweight is having a BMI (body mass index) of 25-29. 9 and the BMI for an obese person is 30 or higher. Could it be that fast food is causing 78 million Americans 20 years or older to be obese, or that 17% of all children and teens in the US are over weight because of it? I think not. Sure, fast food may not be the healthiest choice for you, but seriously, no one is forcing you to eat that cheeseburger and no one is forcing you to drink that soda. You see fast food is not the problem, the decision making of the obese American population is. Now just so we’re clear I have nothing against obese people and there is a big difference between a little chunky, which is okay and obese. Now just so your aware of the obesity problem here in America, here’s some cold hard facts about obesity. Here in the US more than 35% of adults are considered obese, that’s more than 78 million people across the country that are obese. Seventeen percent of children and young adults are obese, which is triple the rate of a generation ago. Studies have shown that obesity gives you a greater chance of getting type2 diabetes and even cancer. If you are wondering why there are so many obese people in America today just ask your self a few simple questions. Would you rather go for a nice evening jog or stay home and watch your favorite TV show? Would you rather eat a salad or something not as healthy like a burger or pizza? And finally would you rather go to the gym or hang out with friends? If I had to guess I’d say most of you would rather hang out with friends, eat junk food, and watch your favorite TV show. You see most people have the time to work out and eat right they just choose not to and just like every choice made in life it comes with it’s benefits and consequences. You don’t have to pay for a gym member ship just walk up some steps or play catch with your kids or take a walk at the park, anything is obviously better than nothing. Now researchers will argue against my claims, and that’s understandable. They’ll mention that 33 percent of children and adolescents in the U. S. consume fast food on a typical day; they’ll also state that on average adolescents will visit a fast food restaurant twice a week. Well all I have to say to that is whose fault is that? How are these kids buying the fast food? With their parent’s money of course. Why can’t the parents make them something healthy and control what there kids eat instead of giving them money to eat fast food? It’s the parent’s fault that the kids are eating fast food so often. Fast food isn’t going to make you obese unless you eat it most of the time. If you eat it occasionally but you also eat your fruits and vegetables you’ll be fine. It is crazy to know that in the U. S. 49% of money spent on food is spent away from home. Which means people are choosing to buy food from restaurants and other places rather than go to the grocery store and cook at home. That percentage is always increasing due to the fact that people now a days are looking for more convenient ways of getting there food. If your wondering just how much money is being spent on quick service restaurants, in 2011 quick service restaurants were expected to gain 168 billion dollars, 3% more than 2010. If people would just spend half the amount of money that they usually spend on fast food and cook a nice healthy meal instead there would be no problem with fast food. Once again the decisions of the American people are to blame. Hit the gym and help yourself get slim. Studies have shown that physical activity plays a big role in loosing weight but of course you knew that, its common sense. But what many people don’t know is that according to the CDC (center for disease control) fewer than 2 out of 10 Americans and less than 30 percent of adults get the recommended level of exercise. Also that more than 25% of U. S. adults do not devote any time to physical activity, the worst states being Louisiana, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. It is very intriguing that correlations have shown that those states with the least amount of exercise have the most health problems. Type2 diabetes is mostly triggered by obesity, and in 1980 5. 5 million adults had it; now approximately 25. 6 million adults have type2 diabetes. The ever so increasing percentage of obesity and decreasing percentage in physical activity is definitely to blame. An interesting fact is that by loosing weight and getting from overweight to normal you can save on average $1400 a year on medication. If you don’t have time to hit the gym, there are a few tips that can help you get fit. First don’t drink soda; on average if you drink a soda can a day you’ll gain 15 pounds in a year, that is if you don’t work out of course. Take the stairs or walk around the block, a few extra steps could be the difference in burning some extra calories, and finally anything is better than nothing, curl some soup cans or do some crunches while watching TV. Any of those things can help you with your obesity, then you wont have to blame it on fast food. Fast food companies are now making a bigger push to serve healthier items in their stores, but it is up to the customers to get them otherwise it is all for nothing. McDonalds is taking the biggest step with there new items like the all fruit smoothies, apple slices, salads, and there brochures that show you there below 400,300,200, and 100 calorie items. Jack in the box is jumping on board as well with their 3 choices of salads, and serving grilled chicken instead of fried in there sandwiches. These fast food chains are realizing that healthy is the new way to go but yet the majority of people in America aren’t. We need to watch what we eat, eat healthier brown rice or bread instead of white, more fruits and veggies and less burgers, next time you go to mcdonalds get a salad instead of a Big Mac it might change your life. In conclusion the fast food industry is not to blame for Obesity in the United States of America. They’re taking steps in the right direction and the people of America should too. We need to start exercising more and getting active because that is the true reason for the increasing obesity. Make better decisions in your life style, choose a healthy one and like I said get a salad next time you go to McDonalds. – http://www. getamericafit. org/statistics-obesity-in-america. html – http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/08/14/obesity-rate-by-state_n_1774356. html.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (Judicial Review)

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (Judicial Review) Marbury v Madison is considered by many to be not just a landmark case for the Supreme Court, but rather the landmark case.  The Courts decision was delivered in 1803 and continues to be invoked when cases involve the question of judicial review. It also marked the beginning of the Supreme Courts rise in power to a position equal to that of the legislative and executive branches of the federal government. In short, it was the first time the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.   Fast Facts: Marbury v. Madison Case Argued: February 11, 1803Decision Issued:  February 24, 1803Petitioner:  William MarburyRespondent:  James Madison, Secretary of StateKey Questions: Was President Thomas Jefferson within his rights to direct his Secretary of State James Madison to withhold a judiciary commission from William Marbury whod been appointed by his predecessor, John Adams?Unanimous Decision: Justices Marshall, Paterson, Chase, and WashingtonRuling: Though Marbury was entitled to his commission, the Court was unable to grant it because Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 conflicted with Article III Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution and was therefore null and void. Background of  Marbury v. Madison In the weeks after the Federalist president  John Adams lost his bid for reelection to Democratic-Republican candidate  Thomas Jefferson in 1800, the Federalist Congress increased the number of circuit courts. Adams placed Federalist judges in these new positions. However, several of these Midnight appointments were not delivered before Jefferson took office, and Jefferson promptly stopped their delivery as President. William Marbury was one of the justices who was expecting an appointment that had been withheld. Marbury filed a petition with the Supreme Court, asking it to issue a writ of mandamus that would require Secretary of State James Madison  to deliver the appointments. The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice  John Marshall, denied the request, citing part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional. Marshalls Decision On the surface, Marbury v. Madison was not a particularly important case, involving the appointment of one Federalist judge among many recently  commissioned. But Chief Justice Marshall (who had served as Secretary of State under Adams and was not necessarily a supporter of Jefferson) saw the case as an opportunity to assert the power of the judicial branch. If he could show that a congressional act was unconstitutional, he could position the Court as the supreme interpreter of the Constitution. And thats just what he did. The Courts decision actually declared that Marbury had a right to his appointment and that Jefferson had violated the law by ordering secretary Madison to withhold Marburys commission. But there was another question to answer: Whether or not the Court had the right to issue a writ of mandamus to secretary Madison. The Judiciary Act of 1789 presumably granted the Court the power to issue a writ, but Marshall argued that the Act, in this case, was unconstitutional. He declared that under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, the Court did not have original jurisdiction in this case, and therefore the Court did not have the power to issue a writ of mandamus.  Ã‚   Significance of Marbury v. Madison This historic court case established the concept of Judicial Review,  the ability of the Judiciary Branch to declare a law unconstitutional. This case brought the judicial branch of the government on a more even power basis with the legislative and executive branches. The Founding Fathers expected the branches of government to act as checks and balances on one another. The historic court case Marbury v. Madison accomplished this end, thereby setting the precedent for numerous historic decisions in the future.

Change the Culture of an Organisation Essay Example for Free

Change the Culture of an Organisation Essay The culture of an organization can be defined by the ‘way they do things’, this means the way they make decisions, operate and how they choose and achieve their objectives. As culture is a set of values and practices, changing it may be difficult and a long process, especially if the change is organized by a new chief executive. Changing the culture of an organization may not be easy especially if the new chief executive does not fully understand the previous culture and therefore does not embrace it in the change. This lack of knowledge may result in an inappropriate culture being chosen that could limit the company’s performance as productivity reduces. An example of a badly imposed culture can been seen with the Chrysler and Damier-Benz merge in 1998. Damier-Benz imposed their traditional and structured German culture on the free-spirited American car company Chrysler. The extremely different cultures created tension that later affected their efficiency as decision-making took longer and the workforce were not happy. The inappropriate culture resulted in a loss of $1.5 billon by 2006. In 2011, the new chief executive of Tesco, Phillip Clarke, also made a cultural change which proved unsuccessful. He proposed a strategy to change Tesco’s brand image to be known for â€Å"highly valued brands† as opposed to their cheaper â€Å"Value† products. The decrease in popular promotion deals such as vouchers and meal deals reduced their sales revenue and share value which fell by 15% by the end of 2011. This suggests that Clarke failed to identify Tesco’s main source of competitively. Therefore, both examples show that cultural changes may be difficult as the new chief executives lack knowledge and experience in the company. Culture change also takes a long time, especially as traditions and values are set. A prime example of this is with Sony. Sony is a Japan-based company who prides themselves in adopting a traditional Japanese business culture. Examples of their culture can be seen with their clear line of authority and their strong belief in respect. However, Sony’s reducing performance and the fast changing world alarmed the new chief executive, Howard Stringer, to change the culture to one that embraces change. Although proposals to change the culture were made in 2007, Sony’s culture has still not fully transformed which is reflected in their still low competitively. Therefore, it may still take some time for Sony to fully embrace an innovative culture as their Japanese culture has largely influenced the organization. It also took a long time for Marks & Spencer to introduce higher levels of technology, such as a stock control system, as they are said to have a ‘backward culture’. This is because they don’t embrace change and are led by system and procedures. These examples provide evidence that change in a business’s culture may not be done quickly as the organization is accustomed to the previous culture. However, changing a company’s culture can be easy if the new chief executive conducts the change in an appropriate manner. As culture change will have a direct impact on stakeholders, it is important for the new chief executive to inform all stakeholders of the changes and to also encourage feedback. The loss of the innovative leader of Apple, Steve Jobbs created much anxiety about the new CEO Tim Cook. Stakeholders feared Cook would change the company and reject all Jobbs practices especially as the two leaders have different personalities. The media worsened the situation with continuous negative press coverage which resulted in a decrease in consumer confidence as well as Apple’s share price. Although Jobbs had planned to make some strategic changes to the company’s practices, he reassured stakeholders by stating that â€Å"Apple will not change†. He also identified these new strategies and their benefits in a press release which justified his decisions and satisfied stakeholders. The newfound trust of stakeholders will enable Apple’s cultural change to be easier and happen more quickly. In view of the above, I believe that it is not easy to change the culture of a business, as the current practices are custom to the organization; this also suggests that the change will be quite a process and therefore won’t be done quickly. This situation is worsened as the chief executive is new and won’t have the necessary knowledge and understanding of the business to enable a smooth and quick transition. However, the ability for the new chief executive to change the business’s culture quickly and easily is highly dependant upon the reaction of the stakeholders. For example, BP’s customers may react positively as the new culture will increase the company’s responsiveness to customers. Shareholders may also react positively as the increase of innovation should increase BP’s competitive advantage which could increase the company’s value and share price. However, the increase in innovation may pose a threat the employees as management will expect higher quality and the need for more qualified personnel may be necessary. Therefore, support from stakeholders will encourage an easier and quickly transformation whereas negativity will not. The skills of the workforce is also important as if they are innovative the cultural change will happen faster. However, Sony is in a creative industry and their strategy to increase innovation still took a long time. This suggests that attitudes and beliefs of the workforce are also important. An easy change is also depend upon the new executives approach, is it forceful or flexible? Damier-Benz’s forceful approach result in a large amount of tension that slowed the change and resulted in a financial loss. Change the Culture of an Organisation. (2017, Feb 04).

TRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

TRS - Essay Example The story of Jonah is prophetic, the book of Jonah by itself is prophetic. Jonah was rescued from the belly of a large fish where he had stayed for three days until the fish spew him out. The New Testament illustrates the story of Jonah as symbolic to the death and resurrection of Christ. The sign was elaborated by Jesus in Matthew 12. As the greatest sign the world is given. The story of Jonah is therefore a testimony to the death and rising of Christ from the dead and that He conquered the grave and came out alive, the hope for which the early Christians lived for. The promise of God to Abraham was made to bless all the nations of the earth through the Seed of Abraham. Gal 3:15 indicates that the Seed was one and not many and that the Seed is the Son of God through who all nations will be saved from sin and reconciled to God by His death and resurrection. The Seed of Abraham was therefore a Chosen One and a Christ. The New Testament points out as well that the Christ was a son of Abraham. Gal 3:29 â€Å"if you belong to Christ, then you are Abrahams seed The gospels of Matthew and Luke begin the story of Jesus from His birth. The book of Matthew provides with the lineage of Jesus from the time of creation down to His birth as was among the Jewish people. Luke however begins his account with the events surrounding the birth of Jesus from the prophecy of John’s birth to Zechariah. The book of Mark accounts from the coming of John the Baptist. The three synoptic gospels are characterized by parables and speeches of Jesus along with the miracles and exorcism. The book of John on the other hand reflects discussions and reasoning where John himself imparts what he learnt to his audience. The book begins with the logos of the Word before creation and is characterized by involvement of the Holy Spirit directly (Kruse, 2004). Mathematical truth accounts for events using scientific evidence and experimental